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Francisco de Holanda
Francisco de Holanda (originally ''Francisco d'Olanda;'' 6 September 1517 – June 1587) was a court painter, architect, and sculptor for John III of Portugal and later for Sebastian of Portugal. He was considered to be one of the most important figures of the Portuguese Renaissance. Francisco was also an essayist, architect, and historian. He represented the intelligible reality of the Holy Trinity through a "hypothetical" syntax of geometrical figures. Even though he insisted on the contrast between the ideal plane, the incorporeal form and the "imperfect copy in the terrestrial zone", his visual language betrayed its genealogical indebtedness to the mixed sciences of Neoplatonism, Christian Kabbalah, and Lullism.〔Deswarte p. 22〕 As far as education was concerned, the privileged place 'Holanda' gives to mathematics and geometry anticipates Clavius's reforms of the late 16th century. Sylvie Deswarte said that "Francisco de Holanda gives a privileged place to cosmography and astrology in the education of the painter. On par with geometry, mathematics and perspective, he recommended them () in order to reach the heavens in the hope of one day arriving to the Empyreum and realizing celestial works".〔Deswarte p. 24〕
== Biography ==
Francisco de Holanda was born in Lisbon, and began his career as an illuminator, following in the footsteps of his father, António d'Holanda, a royal illuminator. He studied in Italy between 1538 and 1547, during which he frequented the circle of Vittoria Colonna, one of the notables of the Italian Renaissance. Colonna provided him with access to some of the greatest artists of his period such as Parmigianino, Giambologna, and most importantly, Michelangelo, who introduced him to classicism.
Returning to Portugal, he obtained various commissions from the Cardinal-Archbishop of Évora, and of the Portuguese kings, John III (1521-1557) and Sebastian (1568-1578). Francisco died in Lisbon Portugal on June 19, 1585 at the age of 67.
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